In modern conditions of the educational process, students face physical inactivity and lack of time, which reduces the effectiveness of traditional forms of physical education. High-intensity interval training is a promising direction that allows achieving significant adaptive effects in a short period of time. The theoretical analysis and systematization of scientific data on the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the student population are a necessary step to justify their implementation in the educational process. The aim of the research was to conduct a theoretical analysis and synthesis of current scientific data on the effectiveness of various high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols for improving physical fitness, morphofunctional parameters, and psycho-emotional state of university students. The research materials were scientific publications (2018–2024) indexed in RSCI, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Methods of theoretical analysis, systematization, comparative generalization, and classification were applied. Based on the literature analysis, three key areas of HIIT effectiveness were identified: 1) cardiorespiratory and metabolic (increase in VO₂max by 6–15%, improvement in insulin sensitivity); 2) motor (improvement in endurance, explosive strength, and speed indicators); 3) psycho-emotional (reduction in stress levels, increased motivation for exercise). It was established that protocols lasting 15–25 minutes with a work-to-rest ratio of 1 : 1 or 2 : 1 are optimal for the educational process. Theoretical analysis confirms the high effectiveness of HIIT as a tool for optimising the physical education of students. Practical recommendations for integrating HIIT into academic classes have been developed, including safety requirements, load dosing, and individualization. The creation of adaptive digital platforms for monitoring and correcting HIIT programs is a promising direction.